Racial Patterns in Dating and Marrige

Hope A. Shelby Shelby 1 Soc 290 Professor Doyle 5 November 2012 Racial patterns in Dating and Marriage Just four decades ago On June 13, 1967, President Johnson nominated a then United states Solicitor General Thurgood Marshall to be the first African American named to U. S. Supreme Court. Although, a mere months earlier Thurgood suffered an indignity that today seems not just outrageous but almost incomprehensible. He and his wife had found their dream house in a Virginia suburb of Washington, D. C. but could not lawfully live together in that state: he was black and she was East Asian. Fortunately for the Marshall's, in January 1967 the Supreme Court struck down the anti-interracial-marriage laws in Virginia and 18 other states. And by the end of 1967 these laws were just leftover scraps from an extinct era. While this topic sits extremely close to home because, I myself, have married outside of my race. Together for 10 years, and married for a year we have seen leaps and bounds in just the last decade of what has progressed with racial patterns in dating and marriage.Although times have drastically changed in the past 4 decades from when Thurgood was dealing with his personal struggle, we still see a lot of work a head of use separating all racial and cultural stereotypes that surround dating and marriage. We can currently see that Interracial marriages in the U. S. Is still quite rare. Shelby 2 For example, data from the 5% sample of the 2000 Census reveal that among married African Americans, 94% are married to other African Americans (â€Å"Census Bureau 2000†). Members of other races I found are also unlikely to marry outside of their own group.

Estimation of pH Essay

Acid-base titration calculations Aim: This experiment is designed to train our skills of calculation in titration as well as help us to be familiar with the procedures of titration. Background: 1. Titration is a technique which involves measuring the volume of one solution which just reacts completely with another solution. 2. A pipette is designed to deliver exactly the same volume each time it is used. 3. A burette is equipment fitted with a tap and is calibrated so as to accurately measure a variable volume of solution. 4. Tire is the volume of the second solution required in titration. Method: The whole experiment is based on computer simulation. To train our calculation skills in titration, two trials are set. One is titration between a strong acid and a strong base. The other is between a weak acid and a strong base. In this experiment, the strong acid is HCl, the strong base is NaOH and the weak acid is CH3COOH. Strong acid and strong base 1. Set up the apparatus. 2. Measure 25ml Ba(OH)2 by pipette. 3. Transfer the Ba(OH)2 into a beaker. 4. Add Bromothymol Blue which is and indicator. 5. Add HCl into the burette. 6. Turn on the pH meter. 7. Insert the probes into the beaker. 8. Read the reading on burette. 9. Start titrating. 10. Read the final volume. 11. Remove the probes. Weak acid and strong base 1. Set up the apparatus. 2. Measure 25ml Ba(OH)2 by pipette. 3. Transfer the Ba(OH)2 into a beaker. 4. Add Bromothymol Blue which is and indicator. 5. Add CH3COOHhe burette. 6. Turn on the pH meter. 7. Insert the probes into the beaker. 8. Read the reading on burette. 9. Start titrating. 10. Read the final volume. 11. Remove the probes. Apparatus: Pipette 25ml Burette 50ml pH meter Beaker 80ml Chemicals: Barium Hydroxide, Ba(OH)2 Hydrochloric Acid, HCl Ethanoic Acid, CH3COOH Bromothymol Blue Safety: Follow the rules in the laboratory and wear the safety goggles. Set up of apparatus: Procedure: Strong acid and strong base 1. I set up the apparatus. 2. I measured 25ml Ba(OH)2 by pipette. 3. I transferred the Ba(OH)2 into a beaker. 4. I added Bromothymol Blue which is and indicator. 5. I added HCl into the burette. 6. I turned on the pH meter. 7. I inserted the probes into the beaker. 8. I read the reading on burette. 9. I started titrating. 10. I read the final volume. 11. I removed the probes. Weak acid and strong base 1. Set up the apparatus. 2. Measure 25ml Ba(OH)2 by pipette. 3. Transfer the Ba(OH)2 into a beaker. 4. Add Bromothymol Blue which is and indicator. 5. Add CH3COOHhe burette. 6. Turn on the pH meter. 7. Insert the probes into the beaker. 8. Read the reading on burette. 9. Start titrating. 10. Read the final volume. 11. Remove the probes. Data collection: Strong acid and strong base Initial pH in the beaker 15.03 Final pH in the beaker 2.79 Volume of HCl added 41.02ml Weak acid and strong base Initial pH in the beaker 14.90 Final pH in the beaker 2.57 Volume of HCl added 38.60ml Data processing: Strong acid and strong base The chemical equation for this reaction 2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) Weak acid and strong base The chemical equation for this reaction 2 CH3COOH (aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) (CH3COOH)2Ba (aq) + 2H2O(l) Graph: Strong acid and strong base Screenshot of the software Graph of the pH in the beaker against volume added Weak acid and strong base Screenshot of the software Graph of the pH in the beaker against volume added Conclusion: The concentration of hydrochloric acid in the first trial is The concentration of ethanoic acid in the second trial is Evaluation and improvement: 1. As what I have discovered, all the graphs of a certain reaction in this software are the same. There is no difference in the graph if the concentration is changed. Also the graph is distinct points rather than a curve. During the experiment, sometimes failure occurred. Thus the only improvement could be done is to change another software.

Organisational Context of Management Accounting Essay - 1

Organisational Context of Management Accounting - Essay Example Agency theory has been considered as one of the significant theoretical paradigms in management accounting for the last 25 years. This theory is developed with the notion of conflicting aims between two groups, primarily agents and principals. One of the significant features of the agency theory is that it allows accounting researchers to unambiguously integrate ‘conflicts of interest, incentive problems and mechanism to control incentive problems’ (Lambert, 2007). The objective of this theory is to structure the contractual connection between the two groups: the agents take actions to exploit the welfare and benefits of principals. At the fundamental level, agency theory is utilised in accounting research in order to address two issues. The important issues involve accounting, information and compensation structure that affects incentive problems and the other significant issue is the presence of incentive problems that influence the structure and design of information, compensation systems and accounting (Lambert, 2007). On the other hand, agency theory fails to explain that the agreement between the agent and the principal is flexible in nature. This is a well known fact that principals used to possess shortage of information and are restricted in their sense of rationality; however, they are conscious that incentive related problems exist, when the contract takes place (Hauswirth, 2006). This theory can be applied in this case to understand the impact of budget cuts on the universities. The level of autonomy, as well as academic liberty in universities and colleges vary; thus it has been considered that universities act as agents, while the government acts as the principal (Auld, 2010). The contingency theory develops an expressive theory of management accounting systems (MAS). It implies that the effectiveness of a management accounting system is based on the structure of the organisation. According to this theory, the organisational structure is based on the environment and technology of the organisation. The existence of MAS enhances the effectiveness of managerial process which is dependant on the structure of an organisation. Along with the environmental and technological factor the structure of the organisation is also controlled by the situational attributes (location of information). In a ‘certain’ environment where technology is ‘routine’, there is an influence of external information. In an ‘uncertain’ environment with ‘non-routine’ technology, the information is considered to be internal. The decentralised authority is suitable for the contingency model where the environment is uncertain or technology is non-routine. When environments are certain or technology is routine, centralised authority is suitable (Martin, 1983). The contingency theory fails to explain the resemblance in the systems of management accounting across organisations. Furthermore, this provi des little assistance in designing an organisational structure (Graubner, 2006). Various aspects of this theory can be applied to the case. The structural alteration in universities is dependant upon the situational factor and based on the situational factor the decision making process of the boards can be changed. Hence, it can be concluded that the structural alte

What Is Meant By Smart Power And How Does Its Application By The Obama Essay

What Is Meant By Smart Power And How Does Its Application By The Obama Administration Differ From The Use Of Hard Power By The Bush Administration - Essay Example These terms are descriptions of the way that American governments deal with other states, especially those states which do not agree with American views. Hard power is the use of forceful tactics such as military actions or economic sanctions. It shows how strong America is, and imposes American views on other people. If the other countries involved are weak, then this can be very effective and President Bush used this kind of approach at the beginning of his first term of office. The invasion of Iraq is a classic example of hard power at work. This tough line was also an important part of President Bush’s election campaign in 2004: â€Å"the Bush administration achieved a greater advantage over Democrats in general and Senator John Kerry in particular on this issue than on any other in the 2004 presidential race.† (Campbell and O’Hanlon: 2006, p. 119) After the 9/11 attack on New York, it was possible to present hard power as a defence tool, not necessarily an a ct of aggression. This made it more acceptable to the American public. Sometimes, however, the opposite of hard power, i.e. soft power is a better approach. People know that America is strong, but they might be more impressed by gentle approaches like aid and support, with diplomatic summits and exchanges of views. America’s culture and image are also aspects of soft power.

Developing Business Plans. (Quick Take Expresso) Essay

Developing Business Plans. (Quick Take Expresso) - Essay Example The company will be a partnership business with two partners who will manage the regular business activities. Each owner will have share of 50% and assist each other with accounting and back office support. Quick Take Expresso is liable to pay income tax on its gross profits. The owners will have to handle all legal, monetary and managerial duties concerning business. The partnership business structure will help to expand the business (Fair Trading, â€Å"Business Structures†). 2.1 Mission Statement The vision of Quick Take Expresso is to become one of the preferred destinations for coffee and snacks in Bonn. The company will provide good meal experience to the students, travelers and local customers as compared to other competitors. The vision of the cafe is to rapidly increase the profitability so that it can attract potential investors to invest in the business in near future. The marketing and sales strategies of Quick Take Expresso will help to maintain the demand of the products towards customers. The teenage and the adult customer groups will probably enjoy the services and the pleasant environment of Quick Take Expresso. Quick Take Expresso will provide best effort in order to develop an exclusive brand image in the mind of customers where they can properly socialize with the friends in a comfortable and calming environment while enjoying the great tastes of Quick Take Expresso’s products. The motive of the business is to assist the customers so that they can get rid of their daily work and educational strains and to provide piece of mind through great environment, suitable location, welcoming customer service and delicious meals. Quick Take Expresso will reinvest the amount... The vision of Quick Take Expresso is to become one of the preferred destinations for coffee and snacks in Bonn. The company will provide good meal experience to the students, travelers and local customers as compared to other competitors. The vision of the cafà © is to rapidly increase the profitability so that it can attract potential investors to invest in the business in near future. The marketing and sales strategies of Quick Take Expresso will help to maintain the demand of the products towards customers. The teenage and the adult customer groups will probably enjoy the services and the pleasant environment of Quick Take Expresso. Quick Take Expresso will provide best effort in order to develop an exclusive brand image in the mind of customers where they can properly socialize with the friends in a comfortable and calming environment while enjoying the great tastes of Quick Take Expresso’s products. The motive of the business is to assist the customers so that they can get rid of their daily work and educational strains and to provide piece of mind through great environment, suitable location, welcoming customer service and delicious meals. Quick Take Expresso will reinvest the amount of profit for improving the infrastructure of the business and for enhancing the employee satisfaction which can lead to better service and thus better customer satisfaction.

Functions of Management in Different Spheres Assignment

Functions of Management in Different Spheres - Assignment Example Therefore, movie-on-demand is a competitive substitute for the blockbuster movies. The major stakeholders of the university include; foundation members, the board of trustees, business and industry. The students are the major stakeholders in the university because they influence the long and short-term goals of the university. Managing diversity in the organization can be done by developing an organizational culture, which synchronizes the diverse cultures into the organizational policy and operation. In addition, cultural integration practices can be used to develop the necessary group cohesion. The manager can employ cultural acceptance to avoid conflict between individuals. Lack of accountability is the major barrier to goal setting. However, as a manager, the development of step plans to achieve the set goals. However, the accountability is the vital aspect of goal setting. Start the business from scratch offer the opportunity to understand the business effectively thereby reducing the chances of collapse. Proper planning of a new business venture is easy compared to a takeover business. However, take over business has an advantage of having already set capital and infrastructure outlay. Business engineering is the process of redesigning the business operations in order to improve performance and develop success in the whole process. Re-engineering can be integrated as a product of competition or the introduction of new products by the company which is intended to improve the business performance The internal recruitment process is simple and easy to be employed. The staff does not need to be oriented to the company as such they can assume the new roles with ease. However, it reduces the pool of choice while also limiting injection of new ideas. External recruitment offers the opportunity to inject new blood into the system thus  allowing for new ideas to be developed. External recruitment offers the company the opportunity to add new employees with better skills. However, the major problem with external recruitment is time constraints and the need for further training of the new stuff on the company details and system of operation.

Discussion board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Discussion board - Assignment Example Laws to force people to reveal encryption keys are still comparatively new and contentious. limitations are ease of access to children and insight of anonymity has given predators of sexual a way to reach child victims in the internet, the vulnerability of computers to the hacker attacks is a constant prompt of security issues surrounding the data stored digitally, and lastly, since the computers control almost all our infrastructure this makes the technology an appetizing target for the terrorists (Saferstein, 2011). 2. The document is reliable to examination in criminal and civil cases in that it avails a very broad and can include information from just about any software program. WordPerfect and Microsoft Word processing programs typically producing text based files like documents which are typed and correspondence. These programs and other host of word-processing programs have substituted the typewriter and are the common sources of evidence in the cases of criminals, especially those who are involved in white-collar crime. There are also information related to the personal and business finance which are significant in white-collar crime and same financial investigation. Programs like QuickBooks and Peachtree accounting packages which can run the whole financial of retail business. Likewise, it is not easy to get an individual bank account records in a computer being managed by the personal software like Microsoft Money and Quicken. More, over the criminals may use these programs as well as a pplications of spread sheets to track bank accounts stolen from the unsuspecting victims. Therefore computer forensic examiners make acquainted with these programs, the way data is stored, recovering data and reading the data (Saferstein, 2011). 3. There are mainly two web browsers: Internet Explorer and Firefox. There features are; two Web browsers use a caching system for the expedition of Web browsing and

MARKETING PLAN Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MARKETING PLAN - Term Paper Example These are individuals/ groups who wish to be in control of their spending, those who are budget conscious and are always in the lookout for good finds and bargains so they could maximize their budget. They will most likely shop in a supermarket that offers one of the lowest prices. They will be interested in a place that is haven for those who wish to stretch their budget. Target market includes both men and women who are contributing to the earnings of the household. They are the decision makers who are in control of identifying which products to purchase for the daily needs of the house. Secondary target market are the children and younger ones who also have great influence in the purchasing decisions of their parents/ guardians. Wal-mart will retail standard supermarkets, both dry and wet goods. It will carry a wide range of products, from beauty and health care, to kitchen items and food, and even garments and small appliances. It will also have a snack counter where shoppers could stop by while finishing their shopping. It will be offer a one-stop shopping convenience that will provide the customers with all the necessary items they usually shop for when visiting a supermarket. Wal-mart will be a warehouse type of supermarket experience. It will have wide aisles, spacious shopping areas that best suit those who buy items in bulk. The store is designed to make shopping comfortable for its customers. Pricing will be competitive – the management will ensure that the store offers the lowest in the industry. The store will also offer loyalty programs for those who are frequent buyers. It will give additional discounts to members of this loyalty programs. Wal-mart will do promotions through local television and radio advertisements. It will also place occasional advertisements in local newspapers on a regular basis. Wal-mart will also do below-the-line advertising via ad placements in billboards situated in key areas in the cities.

High Feeding Costs Limit Dive Time Essay Example for Free

High Feeding Costs Limit Dive Time Essay Despite their massive appearance, the largest whales (and also the largest predators) have shorter dive time compared to other smaller fishes. Our hypothesis is that ‘lunge-feeding’ (the whales’ feeding behavior), is energetically expensive resulting to inability to dive at lower depths and at longer time intervals. This study is aimed at determining how and why the largest whales exhibit shorter dives by examining how lunge-feeding affects their behavior and dive duration. Methods In order to determine how and why the largest whales exhibit shorter dive times compared to other fishes, we have to study how its lunge-feeding behavior affects whales’ overall behavior and their dive time limit. In gathering data, we used remote sensing techniques. In this experiment, we used the TDR â€Å"time/depth recorders† technique since it is the most applicable method considering that the subjects were not in a controlled environment. The TDRs actually recorded the oxygen level of each tagged whale. After some time, the TDRs were collected and the results were analyzed through specialized software that translates the data from the TDRs. Results showed that the whales move faster when at the ascent (or climbing) portion of the dive while it showed that whales move significantly slower during descent. Recovery time spent at the surface was also viewed as an important factor in determining the effect of lunge-feeding. Our tests showed that there is a correlation between the number of lunges and the time spent recovering at the surface. Finally, using optimality models, we were able to compare the results of the actual study to the predicted outcome. The result was a common cost for lunge dives which indicated the high energy cost during lunge dives resulting to shorter dive duration. Results and Discussion Results of this experiment showed that there is a relationship between the number of lunges and the surface recovery intervals. The TDR analysis showed that whales move faster during ascent and move significantly slower when at descent. This indicated that lunge-feeding is energetically expensive. We were able to measure the high energy cost of lunge-feeding using the remote sensing technique. Whales usually recover at the surface after each dive and the length of stay at the surface is relative to the number of lunges it makes during the dive. The more lunges the whales make during feeding, the more time it spent at the surface for recovery. The optimality models showed the relative differences between the lunging-costly model versus the no-cost model. In the lunging-costly model, observed forage depths, vertical speed, number of lunges, time spent recovering at the surface, are some of the variables that were examined to provide an outright solution. Conclusion Based on the results of this experiment, it has been found out that lunge-feeding in large whales is an energetically expensive activity. Using the TDR technique to record the energy cost of lunge, we were able to deduce that the more lunges a whale makes, the more time it spends recovering at the surface, usually regaining oxygen levels. Therefore, the high energy requirements of lunge-feeding limit the dive time and depth of dive in large whales. Reference: Acevedo-Gutierrez, A. , Croll, D. A. , and Tershy, B. R. (2002). â€Å"High Feeding Costs Limit Dive Time in the Largest Whales†. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 205, 1747-1753.

Three Kings (1999) Dir. by D.O. Russell Essay Example for Free

Three Kings (1999) Dir. by D.O. Russell Essay â€Å"Three Kings† is based on the events of the Gulf war and portrays Iraqi rebellions against Saddam Hussein. The movie describes adventures of fours soldiers who steal a gold bullion. This work belongs to war adventure movies and anti-war films. Disillusioned by war casualties and cruelty they saw during Desert Storm Operation, the soldiers kill one of Iraqis and find a document (a map). Cruz, a young journalist, tells her lover gates about recent rumors, and Gates convinces the men that this map will help them to find 23 million (a gold bullion) in Saddam’s bunkers. The journey begins. The main part of the movie vividly portrays hardship and grievances faced by native Iraqi population. The main characters rescue Iraqi prisoners, their leader and several Americas. Barlow is caught by Iraqi soldiers and taken to a bunker. Barlow calls him wife but one of the soldiers interrupts him and subjects to tortures. Together with deserters, the commands free Barlow. They find gold. In order to save their lives and reach Iranian border, Gates pays huge sums of money to drivers. When they reach the border, they are caught by American solder. In order to free the Shiites refugees, they give the rest of the gold to this American soldier. In several years, Barlow becomes a prosperous businessman and his friend Elgin an advisor to movies. The stolen gold was returned to Kuwait. This movie portrays great sufferings and pain faced by American soldiers during the Gulf War. The idea that all the suffering were for nothing was simply unbearable (Vernon 2001). The horrible reality of the war is therefore transformed into what one might call the Myth. The key members of this battlefield brotherhood are Elgin and Barlow, the contemporary warriors who because of their skills and indifference to their own survival perfectly fit definition of the ideal combat soldier. Their foil is Iraqi military, who with their background, conscience, and critical attitude toward peace and fellow-soldiers are outsiders from the circle. The choices of the characters are influenced by toughness and heroic actions of other soldiers and brutality of war. In this new environment, all men are natural leaders. These grunts also understand what is needed to survive in combat operations. Because of their poverty and lack of money, they are not part of the mainstream back in the World. But once reaching Iraq, they assume new identities, as signified by their nicknames, feel pride in their combat skills, and acquire a sense of belonging and meaning in their lives-even if that meaning is only helping themselves and their friends stay alive. What bonds them is their ultimate trust in each other, their combat skills, their love-hate relationship with the wars violence and absurdity, and their strong sense of being abandoned by the people at home. Overall, this movie praises the fighting spirit and self-sacrifice of this small unit of soldiers. Critics Berardinelli (1999) admit that â€Å"the action sequences are expertly directed, and Russell develops tension because were never sure whos going to survive or whats going to happen next†. The desire to save their friend Barlow vividly portrays that friendship and comradeship, honor, courage, pride, and loyalty are the main qualities which help soldiers to survive during the Gulf War (Arnold 1999). The strength of Three Kings lies in the descriptions of combat-language, events, emotions, conflicts, and tragedies inherent in the physical and psychological realities of war. D.O. Russell has a remarkable understanding of the combat soldiers psychological relationships to Iraq. He also has an ear for the grunts language and an eye for the precise details conveying the horrors and miseries of war. Taking into account historical context of the movie, â€Å"the four men are reluctantly pulled into a civil war between the Iraqi villagers and members of Saddam Husseins oppressive Republican Guard, which is torturing and killing anyone without a uniform† (Vice 1999). Most impressive is the authentic grunt dialogue pervading the speech patterns, vulgarities, jargon, fear, threats, hate, and black humor. We can guess the exact meaning and significance of actions taking into account real historical events and choices of the characters. In contrast to many other war movies, the aim of this work is to ‘force’ viewers to rethink meaning and significance of human relations during war and value the role and importance of friendship in human relations. The benefit of this movie is the brutal realism and exhaustive detail of the day-to-day life of a combat soldier. This movie portrays the evolution of a soldier and gives viewers a feel for war. Critics (Arnold 2000) admit that the irony of the movie is reasoned battlefield strategies which do not defeat enemies, but the blunderings of an incompetent major lead to victory. As a war movie, D.O. Russell unveils the horrors of the Gulf War and its political context. Thus, the graphic scenes are, at times, almost poetic in their litany of death, gruesome details, and horrific human destruction (Berardinelli 1999). In this movie, soldiers glorious moments on the battlefield are absent; the resulting oppressive spiritual darkness pervading the narrative is not so much a consequence of individuals actions but a product of the political, social, and military systems in which the soldiers have existed. Unlike many war stories, D.O. Russell introduces a strong political undertone and often, unsuccessfully, attempts to move away from the fictional memoir to a more developed dramatic plot. From this assignment I leant that actions and personal qualities of the characters provide reasons to believe that glorious moments of heroism, honor, and self-sacrifice regularly occur on the battlefield, and that a brotherhood of strong bonds of attachment and mutual concern, is widespread among combat soldiers. The knowledge of history and political situation can help viewers to understand war movies and their meaning. References Arnold, G. (1999, October 1) `Three Kings No Crowning Achievement. The Washington Times, p. 5 Berardinelli, J. Three Kings. Retrieved 24 April 2007, form http://www.reelviews.net/movies/t/3kings.html Three Kings. Dir. by D.O. Russell (2000) Warner Home Video. Vice, J. (1999). Desert News. Retrieved 24 April 2007, form http://deseretnews.com/movies/view/1,1257,70000069,00.html Vernon, A. (2001 Winter) The Gulf War and Postmodern Memory. The Wilson Quarterly, 25, p. 37.

Solid Waste Management For Hotels In Mauritius

Solid Waste Management For Hotels In Mauritius The main objectives of this mini project were: to provide a review of key concepts and issues relevant to solid waste management for Small ,Medium ,and Large Hotel in Mauritius ; to analyse and evaluate the hotel solid waste management (HSWM) program in Mauritius and to suggest recommendations and areas for further research. The following data collection methods were used in this study: deep review of documents and literature, interviews and a propose methodology to carry out the study. Tourism can bring both positive and negative impacts. One aspect of tourism that can have an impact on local communities is solid waste management (SWM). Improper SWM can lead to pollution and deterioration of the aesthetic appeal of tourist destinations. However ,may airline agency are assessed the hotels for safety and ecology before placing the tourist in the hotels. A proposed survey questionnaire has been designed and could be administered at a later stage for future evaluation of solid waste in small, medium, and large hotel .The questionnaire has been designed in such a way to be able to analyse all solid waste within a hotel ,example ,waste from kitchen ,store ,office ,Front Office ,Laundry ,Housekeeping and so on Waste minimization is essential in the hotel industry with regards to waste reduction, reuse, recovery and disposal. This is also referred to as the Hierarchy of Waste Management .From the literature review obtained from different sources, small ,medium and large hotel can adopt the hierarchy of waste Minimization ,Reduction ,Reuse and Recovery .However it is also noticed that there is advantages and disadvantages using Waste Minimization Approach . Now ,there is a lot of recycling companies in Mauritius which collect or hotel go to disposed all the materials to be recycled such as glasses to Glass Gallery ,Metals to Steel Scrap Ltd ,Plastic Bottle to Polypet Recyclers Ltd ,Paper to Agripac or Dakhri Paper . If Solid Waste is not properly managed by the hotel ,there can be a environmental degradation and pollution, resource depletion and damage to marine ecosystem. The EPA 2002 is enforced by the Ministry of Local Government .According to the EIA ,no hotel construction till the approval of the EIA Report Many hotels generate above 20% of food waste , Green Waste and can be composting .According to the Ministry of Local Government ,very few hotels carry out the composting and many of the hotels whether small ,medium or large do not have expertise on composting . It is also evident that small and medium hotels pay less attention for the implementation of waste minimization than larger hotels, because the costs outweigh the benefits. The small and medium hotels have limited space for them to apply the minimization totally .But to some extent small and medium hotels can apply the hierrerchy .Concepts such as appropriate technology, cleaner production, life cycle assessment and environmental management systems can be useful for improving how solid waste management is approached. Conclusions and lessons learned from the literature are presented and links between concepts in the literature and .recommendations made on how to management waste in these hotels ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Mrs Geeta Devi Unmar for her valuable meetings guide ,support for my mini project on Solid Waste Management for Hotel(Small, Medium and Large ) . I am also grateful Mr Prakash Kowlessur ,Director Solid Waste Unit ,and Mr Micheal Marie ,Principal Enforcement Officer ,Ministry of Local Government , for his helpful coordination with his staffs to collect the quantity of waste per week. Special thank to Mr. Shardoo ,Environment Officer at Ministry of Environment and NDU for his useful information on EIA guide line for coastal hotel .Finally special a thank to Mr. Lan Pin Wing Michel,Statistic Section, Ministry of Tourism ABBREVATIONS Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.1 An Overview of Solid Waste In Mauritius The rapid industrialisation and urbanization during the past decade have led to changing production and consumption patterns that continue to present new demands for natural resources and create new waste streams. It is estimated that solid waste produced in Mauritius is about 380,000 tonnes a year (or 1,200 tonnes per day) and is expected to reach 418,000 tonnes in 2014.Each Mauritian generates around 0.7 kg of solid waste daily and this is expected to rise to 0.9 kg by 2010. The development of an integrated solid waste management strategy is among the priorities identified in the National Environmental Strategies to reduce future costs from environment degradation The increase in the economic development has changed the life style and the consumption pattern of the population. Consequently, this has led to an increase of the amount of solid waste generated. 1.2 Composition of MSM It is found that most of the waste is organic in nature and can be compost easily (Fact Sheet- Ministry of Environment) . 1.3 Waste Composition from Hotel There are three main sources of waste from hotels (office/guest rooms, gardens, and kitchen/restaurant), and each source contains different types of waste. For example, there are a lot of compostable, which can be biologically decomposed, present in kitchen-waste while more recyclables are present in waste from office/guest rooms (Chopra, 2004) According to Reseearch ,Dr Wan Li Liao ,2008 A typical hotels waste stream in Belize consists of the following component percentages: paper/cardboard 27%, food waste 45%, yard waste 8%, plastic 5%, metal 5%, glass 5%, demolition and construction waste 3%, other 2%. 1.4 Disposal Of Solid Waste In Mauritius Formerly solid wastes were disposed of in open dumping grounds, but due to public complaints of the nuisance caused by the foul odour emitted by the putrefying waste, all the open dumps have now been closed. The Ministry of Local Government and the Local Authorities are responsible for collection and transportation of household and commercial wastes. Today, solid wastes are collected and disposed of at the Mare Chicose landfill through transfer stations. There are presently 5 transfer stations in Mauritius namely: Poudre dOr Roche Bois La Brasserie St Martin La Laura Wastes are compacted at the transfer station to reduce their volume before they are transported in larger vehicles to the sole landfill of the country which is at Mare Chicose. In hotel actually the waste is collected in different bins, that is , segregation at source .Waste carrier come to collect the waste and then transfer to land fill .For Most of the hotel the transfer is subcontracted to cleaning service such as Securiclean, Maxiclean ltd or even to private lorry .Sometime due to poor management of solid waste , poor storage , and irregularity of waste carrier to collect waste ,make rise to bad smell ,rodents and sometimes it is not esthetics . Now the tourism industry is one of the three pillars of the Mauritian Economy. Mauritius is become one of the most important international tourist destinations in the Indian Ocean. The tourist arrivals for the year 2009 rose up to 413,504, with a forecast of 1.0 million tourist arrivals for the end of year 2010. Due to the expansion of tourism industry , there were total of 97 registered hotels in operation by the end of June 2009 (C.S.O., 2009). Hotel activities produce huge amount of wastes, which tend to increase as the number of hotels increases. The problem of waste generation associated to environmental pollution is a challenge to hotels with regards to waste collection and disposal. Our space land fill become limited Much emphasis is placed on ecotourism. Ecotourism in fact consists of three elements: natural-based, educational and sustainable management (ecoT mgt and assess) Mauritius itself is described as an ecotourism destination in the Indian Ocean and Africa region. (encyclo of ecoT). One example of an ecogreen hotel in Mauritius is Le Coco Beach Hotel, whereby ecotourism practices are applied (ecot themes..) Ecogreen hotels can help to protect the environment, make hotel operations sustainable, reduce cost and liabilities, and improve health and safety. Since hotel operations such as housekeeping, bar and restaurant, kitchen, greenscaping, administrative office and staff quarters, generate large quantities of solid waste, a good solid waste management system is essential. Priority must be given to the development and implementation of a sustainable and integrated solid waste management system, encouraging current practices such as reuse, recycling, composting, waste reduction and prevention, facilities for waste disposal and technologies to convert waste into energy. 1.5 Research Goals The improvement of solid waste management is one of the challenges faced by tourist destinations in Mauritius. This mini project provides full literature review of the HSWM program in Mauritius to disseminate information about an innovative solid waste management program in a tourist destination. This study will explore the topics Conclusions,recommendations and future research directions will be presented at the end of the study. The research objectives for the study were: To provide a review of key concepts and issues related to solid waste management in Mauritius . To analyse and evaluate the hotel solid waste management (HSWM) program in Mauritius pertaining to Small ,Medium and Large Hotel To provide space to the landfill . To suggest recommendations and areas for further research. 1.6 Beneficiaries From the outcome of this mini project I have try to identify the HSWM within the Small , Medium and Large Hotel and how the system is working within the hotel ,that the hotel staff is facing and this can serve a starting point in the Hotel for improving its conditions, infrastructure, work environment and attitudes towards the waste management ,and eco environment .It will be a great benefit for the Small and Medium Hotel 2.0 Literature review 2.1.1 What is waste Wastes are those materials no longer required by an individual, institution or industry. Wastes are thus regarded as by-products or end products of the production and consumption process respectively. (Source: A. Vesilind, 1995) 2.1.2 Solid waste is that material which arises from various human activities and which is normally discarded as useless or unwanted. Examples of solid wastes: waste tires scrap metal furniture and toys domestic refuse (garbage) discarded appliances and vehicles empty cans, paint cans and compressed gas cylinders ,plastics and bottle construction and demolition debris, 2.1.3 SOURCES AND TYPES OF WASTES Wastes are produced by human activities and include: 1. Municipal wastes 2. Industrial wastes 3. Agricultural wastes 5. Energy generation wastes . 2.1.3 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes collected by a municipality within a given area. There are five broad categories of MSW: Biodegradable waste: food kitchen waste, green waste, paper (can also be recycled). Recyclable material: paper, glass, bottles, cans, metals, certain plastics, etc. Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks, debris. Composite wastes: Waste clothing, Tetra Paks, Waste plastics such as toys. Domestic hazardous waste toxic waste: medication, paints, chemicals, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe WASTE DISPOSAL 2.4 Waste Generation And Collection In Mauritius waste collection is undertaken by the local authorities which consist of 5 municipalities for urban areas and 4 district councils for rural regions. More recent figures indicate that close to 800 tonnes of waste is collected daily and this figure is set to increase to 1000 tonnes daily in the coming years. The following is a break up of the sources of waste by tonnage. Trade and Industry: 150 tonnes/ day Domestic waste : 600 tonnes/ day Hotels : 50 tonnes/ day It has been estimated that, on average, each person generates 0.6 kg of waste daily. Whereas an average family generates 800 kg per year. (Solid Waste Unit ,Ministry of Local Government) Type of Waste Percentage of Waste Table 2 -Tonnage of Waste -Mare Chicose Landfill for Year 2007 to 2009 From the graph it can be concluded that the generation on waste is being kept increase. Metal cans: It is estimated that 28 million metal cans are imported annually and this is set to increase at a rate of 5.7% yearly. 2.4.1 HOTEL WASTE GENARATION Each hotel room generates an estimated 9.2 kg of waste per day (Wisnu 1998b). In Indonesia, per capita waste generation rates were 0.65-0.83 kg/day in large cities, 0.55-0.63 kg/day in medium cities and 0.47-0.5 kg/day in small towns (Jindal et al., 1998). Therefore, the amount of waste generate per hotel room is over ten times the amount of waste generated per day .From both study it was concluded that 80% of waste is organic 2.4.2 Waste Disposal The authorised dumps are found at: (1) Poudre DOr (2) Mt St Pierre (3) Riche Fond (4) Solferino (5) La Martiniere An unspecified number of unauthorised dumps exist throughout the island. Though illegal dumping takes place at these sites, the authorities turn a blind eye because of the lack of appropriate structures to deal with all the wastes generated on the island. The present method of waste disposal cannot continue for long as the dumps are overflowing with heterogeneous waste and open dumps have obvious disadvantages like the emission of air pollutants and odours, contamination of the water table with seepage and contamination of aquatic resources like rivers and the lagoon. The Roche Bois dump also situated close to the shore receives domestic, commercial and industrial waste from the Port Louis area. About 100 tonnes of solid waste are discharged daily at the site and then incinerated. The adjoining lagoon is subsequently polluted with all types of solid waste, it also a receptacle for sewage and industrial waste discharge. 2.5 Waste Management Waste management shall mean the collection, transport, recovery and disposal of waste, including the supervision of such operations and aftercare of disposal sites However the newer concepts of Waste management talk about Reduce, Reuse and Recycle of waste over and above waste disposa1. 2.5.1Waste Minimization Approaches to Hotel Waste The Waste Hierarchy is a list of approaches to managing waste, arranged in order of importance. Below is a common graphical representation of the Hierarchy, with the least preferred option for managing waste, Recovery, located at the right end and the most preferred option, Reduction, located at the beginning left. WASTE MINIMIZAT10N APPRAOCHES Waste Minimization Techniques Delivered by Hotel 2.5.1.1 Reduction Reduction is the topmost approach in the hierarchy of waste management. It is perhaps the most important element of the waste hierarchy and also the one which presents the toughest challenges. According to the book Waste Treatment and Disposal, reduction is the strategy that waste production from commercial consumption should be reduced. It concerns the consumption and purchasing of longer lasting products, and products which are likely to result in less waste when they are used. Examples of waste reduction are: buying by bulk, and using alternatives. 2.5.1.2 Reuse This is the second most important approach in the hierarchy of waste management. Reuse is the collection and reuse of materials, for example cleaning and reuse of glass bottles. Reuse is a more effective use of resources. Many of these products can be reused instead of being disposed of to landfill Many waste products have the potential to be reused enabling purchasing cost savings at the facility, as well as decreasing waste management cost. The approach of reusing products can create changes in attitudes towards disposable products. Examples of products that can be reuse are: used tyres, glass and plastic bottles, scrap paper, and plastic bags. 2.5.1.3 Recovery This is the third and final approach in the hierarchy of waste management. It includes two types of waste recovery, which are recycling and composting. According to the book Waste Treatment and Disposal, (1) Recycling. The potential to recycle material from waste is high, Recycling: reprocessing of a discarded waste material to make it suitable for subsequent re-use either for its original form or for other purposes Recycling is beneficial in two ways: it reduces the inputs and reduces the amount of waste produced for disposal.Finally on recycling we can save transport vehicles ,maintenance cost ,fuel cost In Mauritius, figures for 2000 show that only 15 820 tonnes of waste per year was being recycled instead of 100,000 tonnes (Min. of Env. N.D.U-2003). 2.6 Benefits of Waste Minimization The benefits of the implementation of waste minimization at the hotel whether small ,medium or large facility are as follows: 1. Less waste generation will be produced due to the implementation of waste minimization programs in hotels and the support of tourist visitors and employees. As a result, the market trends, which attract and motivate tourists to visit increases since the environmental quality is maintained. More tourist will be attracted 2. Giving back to the community and showing environmentally friendly concerns also enhances the outlook of the hotels public image. Being socially responsible shows how much the business cares about the outside elements that makes the business successful, and not just about profits 3. Having an environmental focus of the hotels operations creates a market niche separating that particular hotel from its competitors, whom are not eco-friendly. An environmental focus is relatively new in the hotel industry. 5. Increasing profits result since an abundant amount of money purchasing new products which the facility could have been using the reusable products instead and paying less for waste disposal. 2.7 Difficulties of Waste Minimization Just as there are many benefits of waste minimization, there are indeed many difficulties. 1. Although waste reduction, reuse and recovery have become an integral part of many hotel management plans, space limitations and finance often make this process problematic for some facilities. 2. Limited knowledge and training can be strenuous for managers to discipline their employees in carrying out these environmentally friendly practices. Lack of control over these behaviors can be quite demanding. 3 At the smaller hotels, the costs outweigh the benefits leaving the facility with no incentive to carry out this sustainable way of operating. Environmental awareness is growing at a slow rate. 2.7 Tourism: Solid waste generation and impacts Hotel activities tend to produce large amount of solid wastes; waste paper, stationery and ink cartridges from the administrative offices and staff quarters; old furniture equipments from guest rooms; food scraps, broken glassware and other solid waste from the kitchen, bar and restaurants; newspapers and magazines from the front desk, waste vegetation from greenscaping and out of use equipments from the maintenance department. The tourism industry can have positive impacts for a country. For example: increase of national profit, enhancement of the countrys global image, bringing in investors and improved infrastructure. On the other hand, negative effects are also felt; environmental degradation and pollution, resource depletion and damage to marine ecosystem. 2.8 Importance of a good Solid Waste Management Waste is unsightly, malodorous and unaesthetic, polluting land, air and water, clogging drainage systems, posing serious public health risks, and restricting potential land use (Pernia,1992 ).Improper SWM can result in pollution and health risks and waste, if not disposed of properly can become a nuisance and a health hazard.Decomposing waste harbor disease vectors, attracts vermin and help the proliferation of rodents and rats (national state of Allegro Papgayo hotel in Costa Rica was closed because of bad and unsustainable waste management practices which lead to ocean pollution in the surroundings and bad smelling (Costa Ricas Occidental Grand Papagayo to close?,2008). A good SWM is essential and should emphasize on environmental protection and health 2.9 Approach to a Sustainable and Integrated Solid Waste Management At present, more and more hotels are implementing sustainable practices to reduce tourism impacts on the environment by using water, energy and other materials efficiently. These are termed as ecogreen hotels. This reduces cost for waste disposal and increased profits. In Mauritius some hotels like Oberoi Hotel and Le Plantation using recycles items and one restaurant from Le Plantation Hotel is made of all recycles materials like all plates ,glasses ,chairs ,tables and so on .Another example is that At Amelia Island Plantation, Amelia Island, FL, more than 5.5 tons of waste is collected for recycling each week. 2.9.1 Energy recovery Treating waste thermally WTE with heat recovery can help to supply a clean and trustworthy energy under the form of heat and power. This can contribute to saving energy (Pavlas, et al., 2009). One example is Payatas, whereby electricity is produced from methane gas (Serrona, Yu, 2009). Energy recovery is a very sustainable solution to Plastic Solid Waste since plastics have a high calorific content and embodied energy. Cement kilns and fluidized beds are utilized to recover energy from PSW (S.M. Al-Salem et al., 2009). 2.9.2 Composting Composting is a natural process that turns organic material into a dark rich substance. This substance, called compost, is a wonderful conditioner for soil. It is the decomposition of the organic fraction of waste to produce a stable product such as soil conditioners and growing material for plants. Composting can save money for transfer of waste to landfill Composting is found to be the best way to deal with organic types of waste generated (Narayana, 2009). In fact, for solid waste which have a high moisture content and low calorific value, for example: food wastes and greenscaping wastes, aerobic composting is the best method for managing this waste . ( Narayana, 2009). 2.9.3 WASTE REDUCTION Refillable amenity dispensers can replace soap, lotion, shampoo and conditioner bottles in hotel guest rooms. In Food and Beverage they can purchase large tin butter and refilling in small porcelain pot rather than to buy very small butter with smaller plastic container They can use Beverage Dispenser rather than can .They reduce waste, slash operating costs and save time. Housekeeping managers save staff time when they buy highly concentrated cleaning supplies. Engineering managers cut waste and increase productivity when they switch from incandescent lights to fluorescent or LED bulbs. Fluorescent bulbs last five times as long as incandescents and LEDs operate twenty-five times longer. Modular mattresses allow hotels to replace just the mattress tops, not the rest of the units. They extend the seven-year average life of hotel mattresses by five to ten years. Hotel restaurants reduce waste by using washable table cloths and dinnerware, reusable coffee filters and by providing condiments in bulk dispensers. Hotels can eliminate bottled water waste by using filtered water. There are many more waste prevention strategies that hotels could deploy, such as: eliminating unrequested newspapers; requiring documents to be printed on both sides of the page and with a smaller font and margins; asking hotel suppliers to reduce excess packaging; and having staff use permanent mugs and cups, rather than disposables. The old furniture and the bed with the bed sheet can be donated to the infirmary institutions for reused and at the same time their CSR increases. Recycling Products with minimal packaging can be ordered. Do grass cycling with the grass from the lawn. Stop providing disposable mugs for example, buy company mugs. Buy durable towels, napkins, etc. Encourage the guests to return the reusable products. Introduce the waste prevention programme to the guests. (ecogreenhotel, 2009). 2.9.5 . Environmental Management Systems Environmental management systems (EMSs) provide a framework that can help organizations incorporate tools such as cleaner production. EMSs involve the achievement of environmental goals through the management of environmental aspects in a consistent way. Environmental goals ,policies ,measurable objectives are set by the organisation and achieved through the control of operations. Waste minimization can be an Environmental Policy and objective set is less than 2% of Solid Waste Generation or Zero Waste 2.9.6 EIA Guide Line For Proposed Coastal Hotel Projects ,July 2004 In 2008, some 44 EIA licences were granted of which 12 (27% ) were issued to land parcelling and 8 (18% ) were provided to coastal hotels and related works There is an increase of hotel in our coastal region and an EIA is requires under section 15 of the EPA 2002 for the coastal hotels .Under section 3.7 of the EIA guideline ,July 2004 ,for each impact the section should state steps to avoid or reduce it ,for example ,is as follows :Source ,Type ,Generation ,,Collection and disposal of solid wastes One EIA report for Proposal for the Construction of new Hotel at Tamarin Medine Ltd had been verified and found that that the following statement has been made Waste generated from the kitchen and accessory services if not properly managed may cause direct impact on the surrounding .Indirect impacts may be caused by proliferation of rats ,insects and emission of bad smell (EIA Report ,2009 -Ministry of Environment and N.D.U.) 2.9.7 Impact Mitigation Measures Hotels will be committed to appropriately manage its solid wastes. As much as possible ,solid waste wastes will be sorted for its different components. Biodegradable waste will be composted .Other waste will be kept in sealed bins located in the back house prior being carted away by licensed companies .Measures for waste management to be implemented are as follows : Sort out wastes at source (glass, paper, biodegradable substances ,metals, cans Compost garden green waste and kitchen waste Provide special bin for disposal of batteries ,cartridges ,bulbs etc (EIA report Tamarin Medine Ltd ,2009) 2.9.8 Environment and Health Waste is unsightly and malodourous, polluting land, air and water, clogging drainage systems, posing serious public health risks, and restricting potential land use The burning of garbage releases smoke and hazardous substances. Leachate from the waste can contaminate soil, surface water and groundwater. Mosquitoes that can carry dengue fever as last year this disease recur. Mosquitoes breed in fresh water from accumulated rainfall in cans and bottles .Disease vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches and rodents thrive on solid waste Workers often do not use safety equipment such as facemasks, ear plugs, gloves and proper footwear, and there is a need for education about health and safety issues 2.9.9. Economic Waste recycling can reduce waste disposal costs for local authorities by extending the life of landfills, reducing the need to invest in transport vehicles and equipment, reducing vehicle operation and maintenance costs, and reducing fuel consumption for transporting waste Businesses are provided with cheap raw materials. In Mauritius some hotels are used recycle materials such as the plates make of glasses ,chairs, kitchen waste use for composting and used for gardening .Thus the use of recycled materials reduces the need to import raw materials, meaning that less money is spent on foreign currency. RESEARCH METHODOLOY 3.1 Research Methods Information was gathered using a variety of methods to gain a better understanding of the situation, issues, perspectives and priorities. The primary data will be obtained by applying the following methods namely Interviews , Site Visit for Observations ,Email of Survey Questionnaires to the selected Hotel The secondary data will be obtained by reviewing the literature obtaining from the goggle scholar ,University of Mauritius Library Search ,Publications ,,Magazine Articles and Resent News .Some information will also be obtained from the www.lexpress.mu -Newspaper LExpress 3.2 Document and Literature Review Literature concerning solid waste management in hotel industry was reviewed. Documents were collected from various sources such as universities, industry associations, foreign agencies, government institutions ,AHRIM ,Books ,Magazine Articles ,Publications ,Present News ,research scholar using goggle and statistic office ,Ministry of Environment and National Development Unit ,Ministry Of Local Government ,Solid Waste Unit 3.3Interviews Interviews will be conducted with the Small ,Medium and Large Hotels , To learn about the Hotel Solid Waste Management (HSWM) program, I will interview staff mainly the Maintenance Manager ,Quality Assurance Manager , Health and Safety Officer ,the Head of Restaurant ,Chef Cook ,Food and Beverage Manager ,Executive Housekeeper from those selected hotel Successive conversations with the staffs will be helpful for gaining a better understanding of the issues that emerged. An initial set of questions will be prepared as per our Survey Questionnaire Appendix I in advance and additional questions were asked as the interviews will be conducted. This site visit interview will be appropriate for our mini project According to Tourism Welfare Fund Authority and AHRIM the following hotels are classified as HOTEL SIZE ROOM RANGE NO OF HOTELS FROM LIST SAMPLE SIZE SMALL 1-50 61 61 MEDIUM 50 100 34 61 LARGE >100 38<

A Thousand Voices :: Thousand Voices Essays

A Thousand Voices I cannot speak for the rest of the world, consisting of girly girls and manly men, but I can speak for myself. Virginia Woolf is right on target in saying that every human being has a male half and a female half-I believe this because I am a living example; I think we all are. Julie always gives me scornful looks when I come to lunch from from gym with a red face, and an exhausted yet satisfied expression. "You've been playing floor hockey again, haven't you!?" she belligerently but playfully accuses. I then proceed to disgust her with my tales of how I almost scored a goal, got hit in the ribs by a speeding puck (and boy was it great!), knocked over a guy, stopped the puck mid-air. She rolls her eyes for two reasons: one, because I actually participate in gym period, and two, because floor hockey is generally a "guy thing." Now, before I go any further, I want to cover myself. I'm not saying that the aggression and rough and tumble of floor hockey is an exclusively masculine trait, and that I , a girl, would be exploring my "male half" by partaking in the game. It is society that chooses which qualities may be dubbed male and which are female, and it is society that makes Julie and most of my other friends, and even the other guys down at the gym think it strange for a woman to enjoy such a brute sport. Virginia Woolf may be forced to call things either male or female in order to speak society's language. I think she's on to something in that there is a little everything residing in all of us-it's just a matter of whether or not we choose to embrace it all. I'm not a brute force all the time (although some would beg to differ), but I bring that side of me out whenever I go for the puck, or whenever I spar in martial arts. Maybe it's not "the man" in me, it's just the fighter; maybe Virginia Woolf says male and female half when she really means all-encompassing human whole. Another conflict that results from this manifestation of all human qualities within me also deals with male and female stereotypes.

journeyhod Spiritual Voyages in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

The Spiritual Voyages of Heart of Darkness Heart of Darkness describes an outward journey to the heart of Africa that parallels an inward journey to the heart and depths of man's being. Two spiritual voyages are made by Kurtz and Marlow. Kurtz was a great man who discovered a flaw in himself while working in Africa. He lacked "restraint" to control the emerging dark side which he found within himself. He plumbs the depths of man's dark side -a side which civilization and culture represses - but is swallowed up, by these forces which eventually overcome him in the isolation of darkest Africa. He falls into unspeakable acts and experiences the primitive power and ecstasy and horror of man's uninhibited darkness. Marlow holds back from "the abyss," although he humbly takes no credit for this achievement, ascribing it to grace. Nonetheless, he comes away changed, even enlightened, by this glimpse into the deeper and darker mysteries of life. William Blake (and Sartre) suggests that the road to heaven leads through hell. Blake also saw the pursuit of truth and self awareness as an effort to combine the Innocence of the Lamb with the darker Passion of the Tyger, the two poles of man's and life's existence. Wisdom and enlig htenment come to the one who effectively understands and harmonizes both sides of this human nature. Few people make the effort because society discourages such knowledge in an effort to protect itself. Most people are ignorant of themselves, blithely self-satisfied in their protected world. Kurtz was one of the great men of Europe, a poetic visionary and promoter of progressive causes. In Africa, repressed urges arose which he could not control. Lost in the darkness of his own being, he defines this new found reality as "the horror." Despite his descent into evil, Marlowe respects Kurtz in comparison to the much more "hollow men" whom he ironically calls "pilgrims." These men (EEE, Central Manager, paper mache Mephistopheles, pilgrims on the boat) operate on the "raw principle of rapacious greed" while pretending to be apostles of progress. Such pyjama-clad, gun waving, slave driving, self righteous fools sicken Marlow and, compared to their nightmare of ignorance, the nightmare of Kurtz commands respect and allegiance. His was a spiritual voyage which failed. Marlow, we are led to believe, has succeeded. He is five times described by the narrator of this frame story in the posture of a meditating or preaching Buddha.

Law Enforcement and the Aging Process

The mandatory separation clause, or forced retirement at a certain age for police officers was officially upheld in 1996, as the lobbying efforts of the Fraternal Order of Police were successful in pleading their case.   The group argued that mandatory separation should be enforced because of the physical requirements of the position.They believe that an officer’s ability to physically meet the demands placed his or her body at a certain age naturally diminish, which places the officer in imminent danger.   Jim Pasco, the FOP director, stated that â€Å"It’s not only harder to defend yourself, but think of the very strenuous nature of, for example, the foot chase.†Ã‚   (Kennedy, 2007)The director did admit, however that not all police departments choose to enforce mandatory separation based upon officers reaching a certain age, as many departments   believe it’s â€Å"harder to recruit new officers and expensive to train them.†Ã‚   (Kennedy, 2 007)Pasco’s comments were in response to the November 2007 fatal shooting and death of Broward, Florida’s Deputy Paul Rein, age 76.  Ã‚   Many believe that the deputy’s death could have been prevented had the department enforced the mandatory separation policy state and local law enforcement agencies are allowed when an officer reaches a certain age.   While transporting a convicted armed robber to stand trial in another location the inmate gained control of the deputy’s fire arm and fatally shot the officer.Deputy Rein’s daily duty was to transport inmates between secure locations and according to the department this was a duty older officers could handle.   Rein was considered safe, as he transported the prisoners while riding in a secure vehicle that contained a locked cage.   Fellow officers however reported that they viewed Rein let the accused inmate out of a medical vehicle prior to his death, which put the officer in danger and viol ated department policy.   (Kennedy, 2007)Though most workers are protected by strict federal laws prohibiting discrimination based on age, there are some exceptions to the rule.   The Age Discrimination Act of 1967 (ADEA) is the federal government’s protection to employees over the age of 40 that work for a â€Å"regulated employer.†Ã‚   (Pellicciotti, 1991)The ADEA’s laws are not limited to those who hold a current position; these laws also provide protection during the hiring process, salary increases, promotions and more.   State and local government employees are excluded from much of the ADEA’s protection, as the government is not considered a regulated employer.Those workers are protected by the EEOC, which enforces the same discrimination laws.   Extreme limitations are placed on the civil servant – the state and local law enforcement officers and fire fighters, due to the demands of the position and taking into consideration the fac t that age may limit an officer’s ability to perform.   (Pellicciotti, 1991)Law enforcement officers have limited protection under the ADEA, as the Act allows the government employer to â€Å"fail to hire or discharge the †¦law enforcement officers because of age† if specific stipulations are met.   (Pellicciotti, 1991)The ADEA allows the government employer to discriminate against law enforcement officers because of age if the action is taken â€Å"(1) with respect to the employment of an individual as a firefighter or as a law enforcement offers and the individual has attained the age of hiring or retirement† and â€Å"(2) pursuant to a bona fide hiring or retirement plan.†Ã‚   (Pellicciotti, 1991) The ADEA will protect officers if the retirement option presented to the civil servant is not legitimate.The ADEA’s definition of â€Å"employer† also excludes the federal government and, like the state and local government workers, the se workers are covered under the EEOC.   The federal government established a mandatory separation clause specific to federal law enforcement officers, fire fighters and air traffic controllers.   Under 4 U.S.C Sec. 8335 (a), (b), & (c) federal workers holding these three positions are required to comply with the mandatory separation policy established by the federal government and this clause is heavily enforced.   (Pellicciotti, 1991)Experts on both sides of the argument agree that the bottom line is employing the best possible law enforcement officers and fire fighters.   Many believe that the age limitation is non-existent, as Broward Sherriff’s Department spokesman Elliot Cohen stated â€Å"there are different roles that can be filled by individuals of all ages.†Ã‚   (Kennedy, 2007)   Still, the ADEA allows state and local law enforcement officers to be the exception to the rule; however in the case of officer Rein many have once again posed the question â€Å"is age the best proxy for reaching that goal?†Ã‚   (Kennedy, 2007)ReferencesKennedy, K. (2007). Death of Deputy, 76, Raises Age Question. Gefunden am November 9,2007 unter http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D8SQF39O0.htmlPellicciotti, J. M. (1991). Exemptions and employer defenses under the ADEA. Public PersonnelManagement , 20

Market Research for Entry of Kellogs Nutribar

Defining the research problem: MID: Develop market entry strategy for Kellogg nutria by studying consumer behavior towards unnatural Determine product features, pricing, SKU (small and big packet) and postulating Sub problems: Sub Problem: to understand the relationship between the Kellogg brand and the consumer Research Questions: 1 . What does the customer, identify the Kellogg brand with? 2. What is the demographic profile of the Kellogg consumer? Sub Problems: to understand consumer preferences about nutrias and canvasbacks Research Questions: 1 .What is the extent of customer knowledge about nutrias? 2. What are the major usage patterns of nutrias and canvasbacks? 3. Which attribute of canvasbacks do consumers dislike? 4. Who Influences the customers buying decision? 5. What would be the recommended price-point for the Kellogg nutria? 6. Is the unnatural considered an Indulgence? Research Design The product under consideration Is Kellogg Unnatural. We have Identified the target segment to be young children between age groups 6-15. We have positioned it to be a delicious and healthy, nutrient filled snapback.After conducting a secondary search the following parameters are identified The main problems which are identified for the research are 0 to understand the relationship between the Kellogg brand and the consumer 0 to understand consumer preferences about nutrias. We have designed a necessary questionnaire for conducting a cross sectional survey and found that proportionate stratified sampling will be apt to get the necessary consumer Insights. Sampling Design There are many methods of sampling when doing research.We have to choose the most Ideal sampling method giving us the maximum probability of getting the results hat are needed to develop the best entry strategy. Proportionate stratified sampling will be carried out giving due weight to the various age-groups' representation in the Indian population. This will be conducted, ideally, at an urban/semi -urban geography. Simple random sampling, which is the most ideal, is seldom used since the luxury of time or money to access a whole population is hardly ever available. Hence, Stratified Sampling is the sampling method that should be implemented.The survey will be an anonymous one, with no mention of gender or name. This will not affect results, hunger being universal. Appropriate weight will be given to all age-groups In the survey, In line with their representation In the Indian population. Insights from exploratory research Market research was carried out at xx, and a sample size of 50 respondents was obtained. xx was chosen on account of it containing urban and semi-urban areas anonymous survey and respondent gender profiles weren't considered.The profiles of these respondents were chosen so as to meet the requirements of Proportionate Stratified Sampling. A number of insights were obtained from this exploratory market research survey. They are: The young age groups wanted tas te benefits from any eatable product and the old and middleware age groups were more in favor of the health benefits of eatables 0 As long as the consumers believe they are getting value-for-money, price of the product is not a big issue 0 Consumer awareness about nutrias is significant, but much distance remains to be covered.The advent of the internet and social media have impacted youngster awareness, with it being significantly higher than the mean 0 Nutrias are largely perceived as snack bars that are healthy by the majority of consumers Data analysis The data was obtained from a sample size of 50 respondents, done via proportionate stratified sampling. Data was analyzed in an MS – Excel Workbook, using basic Excel tools.Demographics of the respondents were analyzed and the results are: Age-wise: Age Group 6-15: 24% Age Group 16-29: 24% Age Group 30-59: 38% Age Group 60 & above: 14% Secondary Research Extensive secondary research was carried out using the internet and th e main findings were that user economic status didn't really matter, with the bar's relatively low perception. To parents, health benefits were more important. To their children, it was taste. We have selected the middle-class and above as our serve sample group, the product being perceived as an indulgence and the poor having no money to buy it. We extrapolated, from their U.S pricing that Kellogg could supply nutrias in India at the price points RSI 10 & 20, which are psychologically important. Final recommendations & findings Findings: 0 Residents of the age groups 6-15 and 16-29 gave higher importance to taste (in decreasing order) 0 Residents of the age groups 30-59 and 60 & above gave higher importance to health benefits 0 The Kellogg brand is identified with healthy breakfast cereal by he customer 0 The average demographic profile of the Kellogg consumer is that if the age groups 6-15 and 16-29 0 These two age groups have the most knowledge about nutrias.They can accurately d istinguish them from similar canvasbacks 0 Nutrias are largely considered an indulgence, hence they aren't consumed frequently, with most consumers having them at most once-a-week 0 By contrast. Canvasbacks are consumed regularly by the 6-15 age-group. Here, smaller SKU sizes are prevalent, egg: RSI 5 and RSI 10 0 The major attribute of canvasbacks disliked is their unhealthy nature.

10 Effects of Smoking in Health

10 Effects of Smoking in Health Are you aware about effects of smoking habit? Scientific studies reveal that smoking causes short-term as well as long-term effects on health. American Lung Association says smoking affects around 9 million people in U. S alone, and it causes the death of approximately 450,000 individuals per year. Cancer is a common serious threat of smoking. It also causes several aesthetic problems, cardiovascular problems, respiratory problems and reproductive health problems. This article discusses about various negative effects of smoking. 1.Respiratory Health Effects – Tobacco contains several toxic substances that damage our lungs and other respiratory organ while inhaling. It seriously affects larynx and trachea which in turn result in the permanent killing of lungs. Long-term smoking causes harsh side effects like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, emphysema and chronic bronchitis. 2. Cardiovascular Health Effects – Smoking caus es the narrowing of blood vessels and arteries by depositing several toxic substances. This affects their normal functioning, and causes high blood pressure.Prolonged smoking gradually leads to nerve problems& blood clots, which may result in heart attacks or strokes. 3. Vision Health Effects – Smoking causes vision problems like macular degeneration and cataracts. Researches show that long-term smoking causes incurable vision problems that may even result in blindness. 4. Reproductive Health Effects – Smoking causes less production of estrogen  hormone that is linked to infertility in women. Premature birth, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), under weight problems, and early menopause are common reproductive effects in women. Long-term smoking causes impotency in men. 5.Skin Health Effects – Premature aging, yellowish skin and wrinkles are commonly found side effects of smoking. Skin damage is directly linked to smoking since it restricts the adequate blood flow in skin. Majority of addicted smokers lose their appetite and reduce the intake of food. Inadequate nutrition and food habits result in serious health effects on skin. 6. Psychological Effects – smoking has addictive side effects since it contains Nicotine. Majority of smokers believe that smoking makes them feel relief. However, truth is that smoking causes several addictive problems, which may result in depression and anxiety. 7.Digestion Problems – Smoking causes heartburn problems, liver damage, reduced appetite, crohn's disease and ulcers. Long-term smoking results in the damage of esophagus, and that causes acid reflux & heart-burn problems. Crohn's disease is a severe intestine disease that causes diarrhea, abdominal pain, etc. 8. Respiratory Alignments – Health and Human Services of U. S reveals that smokers are more prone to respiratory alignments like flu, pneumonia, cold, bronchitis, etc. They also take longer recovery time compared to normal pe rsons. 9. Athletic Performance Issues – Smoking affects the physical fitness of an individual.Long-term smokers are more prone to injuries and accidents. Smokers have reduced capacity to generate sufficient muscle cell & collagen to generate muscles. 10. Other Effects – Smoking causes awful body odor and bad breath as well. Since smokers have reduced smell sense, they may not consider it as an issue. There are about 5 million people in the world die in each year from the effects of smoking. Smoking is an unnecessary health hazard that causes serious effects. Quitting this habit is not easy. However, when you quit smoking you not only save your health but also our environment!

Career Planning and Development

| CAREER PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT| | | | ASHWINI RENGASWAMYINDEX NO – L0267KDKD0611JUN MSc 1 Hospitality & Tourism A| INDEX Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 2 Career †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page 3 Career Planning †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 4 Career Development †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 5 Dual Career Couples †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 8 Dual Career Couples Large Companies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Page 10 Dual Career Couples Small Companies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 14 Ways of Small Companies Retaing Employees †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 15 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Page 16 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Page 17 INTRODUCTION Human resource is the nerve center of any organization which helps to achieve its objectives & goals. When analyzing globally managing human resource is a dynamic and challenging task of an organization. Although human r esource is a popular term there is no definition defined worldwide.Watson (2002:3) says â€Å"In its broader sense Human resource management can be used as a generic term to describe any approach to managing people. † Boxall & Purcell (2003:1) say â€Å"All those activities associating with the management of the employment relationship in the organization. † A philosophy based on managing people on the belief that human resources utmost necessary to retain the business success. An establishment obtains advantage by utilizing its people effectively. Drawing on their competence and adroitness to meet distinct objectives.Human resource management is focused at recruiting confident, adjustable and dedicated people, managing and honoring their performance and advancing competencies. Human resource development is a strategic advent to analyzing in human capital. It has an impact on other human resource formations, including resourcing and executes assessment to recognize act ual and conceivable apatite. Human resource development delivers a frame work for self-establishment training programs and professional progression to meet an establishment’s future aptitude necessity.Goal of Human resource management is to optimize the effectiveness of the employee by gradually up grading the career life of the workers and interacting them as the most precious resource to increase the productivity of the organization There is one successful way for an establishment’s human resource problems â€Å"enlightened, advanced, people first, more performance or more commitment, labor tactics to be practiced in companies. Best practices of Human Resource Management * Managers must pay more attention towards Human resource issues. The consideration of human resourcing are parts of strategic level deliberations. * More encouragement being given to the employees helps more productivity which results to the establishment’s constant improvement. * Employees show a liking towards improving their own skills to come through self-advancement and flexibility. CAREER Wilensky (1961) says; â€Å"Let us define career in structural terms. A career is a succession of related jobs arranged in a monarchy of prestige, through which persons move in an ordered sequence† (p. 23) This tells us that career has a particular way in which a person should proceed in order to achieve his vision and goals. Career is the journey towards an ultimate destination. There is a view amongst the people that career has changed from olden days organizational structure to the modern way which is based on the skills, knowledge and integration of people. Baruch (2002) presents a list of career management practices in order of the level of implementation which an earlier survey found out.There are advertising international career opportunities, professional education as a part of career advancement, performance appraisals as an important tool for career planning, ca reer conselling by your immediate manager or Human resource management department, recruitment programs, succession planning, mentoring, common career path, dual ladder, books on career problems, written personal career, assessment centers, 360 degree appraisals, career workshops, introduction, special programs, example: for high flyers, creating psychological contracts and secondment.Effective career management should adhere to a number of principles. Consistency and coherency within organizations in messages about what career and career management is, proactively collaboration between employer and employee and dynamism. Goals of career management process must be explicit and that this will be most easily achieved if there is a limited number of compliable interventions. CAREER DECISION POINT International Assignment Predeparture Training Reassignment Recruiting & Selecting Exit Organization Predeparture Training Deselecting Parent Repatriation CAREER PLANNINGCareer planning which is for an individual life time, a decision that has to be made life long, which includes choosing of occupation, seeking a job, progress in the job, career transition and eventual recruitment. It’s also for an individual to set goals for himself and achieve them. This helps a person to evaluate their abilities and interests. The outcome of this should be one of the following; * Developing talent effectively and efficiently. * Giving opportunities to employees for self-appraisal Career planning is built out of three components self-assessment, choosing the work of your choice and recognizing the suitable career.CAREER DEVELOPMENT As individuals everyone is interested in their own career, it’s very unlikely that a person will spend more years with a single employer, especially when their work life begins. Due to this career development is the responsibility of the employer. Most people like to move to new areas of work due to better opportunities, chances of working with particular people and commuting time. As a result of this employers must analysis what is offered by the other employers and ensuring that employees appreciate what they are been given.A method used to retain and establish a large group of employees with international experience is through giving them short term development assignments which will be for a few months and there onwards to a few years. (Example 1) Swedish – Swiss conglomerate ABB A multinational company have carried on the practices of developing a small carder of international employees rather than internationalizing everyone. (Example 2) Aitken Spence Hotels & Resorts (A reputed chain hotel in Sri Lanka which has its own hotel in Maldives, India & Oman)In this organization the Assistant Vice president Mr. Sarriff o’deen conducts a meeting once in three months for the entire Management of each hotel individually to explain the company’s strategies & the Employee benefits, the last meeting was hel d on the 12 June at heritance Ahungalle (Example 3) Mas Holdings Pvt. Ltd. (South Asia’s biggest apparel manufacturer) The company sends a limited number of staff to a University in India to educate them in the clothing technology and in order to implement the knowledge in their local company. Example 4) Mas Holdings Pvt. Ltd. Mas Career Development center in Sri Lanka at Ambepussa, a center for staff working for Sri Lanka Mas Holdings to train and develop themselves. (Example 5) Mas Holdings Pvt. Ltd. Mr. Vithanaarachchi, who joined as a weaving supervisor rose through up to the position of Manager. As recognition of his work the company sponsored him to study Narrow Fabric technology in University of Derbyshire This reviews your work history and the key factors psychological, sociological and economical which influence the career choice.Creating an improved approach to employee development by recognizing individual’s needs and responding for a satisfactory and reward ed career is the goal of career service. Career development is guiding people in order for them to reach where they want to be and where the organization wants them to be. Providing career development helps the organization increase the chances of their work force being willing and ready to serve the organization for the betterment of both parties. Career development creates opportunities for employees meet current as well as future business needs through professional interest and capability. Example 6) Kellogg’s Non-productive staff are requested to fill are form which gives details of employee’s career, biographical information, work experience, and development plans. This is filed in the employee’s profile which gives an overview of the employee’s current accountability development and future opportunities. People Managers have a performance management plan which is concern about the employee development. The role of Peoples manager in employee develop ment * Update employee profile on a periodic basis. * Fill the Managers page in the Employee profile. Considering any possible development actions in the future. * Understanding the requirement of making development more successful. * Check weather employees are pursuing towards development. * Provide adequate resource, opportunities and support to employees for development. * Provide caching and obtain feedback. (Example 7) Nivea Graduate programs are conducted in different stages as follows; â€Å"Beyond borders† an 18 month program where the candidate will be trained for 5 to 6 months overseas in another company or at the headquarters in Hamburg, Germany. â€Å"Gateway to the top† a program for university graduates who want to rofessionalize on sales, marketing, human resource, supply chain management or finance. â€Å"360 degree program† a program to gain experience beyond the professionalized area. â€Å"Focusing on you† a program in order to develop professional and personal skills. (Example 8) Tesco Management programs are conducted for 7000 staff at one time on development programs to gain knowledge and skills to move to the next step of the Tesco Challenge. Each year over 10,000 prove that by changing jobs in the organisation, as a result of programs that are flexible and sought your personal needs 80% of the administration role is filled by existing team mates.. Example 9) Harrods The managers are expected to complete a monthly review with workers to follow up with consistent 1-2-1s to review objectives and career objectives. The diverse number of divisions provides a exceptional prospect for workers to develop new abilities and experience without having to alteration companies. (Example 10) Nokia, India Company conducts Management trainee programs from the year 20006 and recruiting young talents and investing in their future leadership role. The program is an in house on the job training mechanism that encourages and allo ws the trainees to learn and develop theme selves for future roles.In order to make the program a better success the company has built a relationship with institutes IIM – Ahamadabad, IIM – Calcuta, IIM – Lucknow, XLRI – Jamshedpur and TISS – Mumbai The role of Employee’s in employee development * Be responsible for own career. * Successful performance in present role of job. * Achieve realistic career goals. * Discuss with the Manager about developing the career. * Pay more attention towards areas to be more professional. (Example 11) Nivea (The largest women and men beauty care product manufacture)The company offers future support in the form of career path which focuses international and cross functional activities and development programs planned to achieve both professional and personal talents. DUAL CAREER COUPLE In 1960’s the term Dual career couples was introduced by a team of Sociologists who were husband-and-wife. Two profes sionals engaging in a significant relationship where both pursue a career that reflects commitment, personal growth, responsibility. In this both partners are highly skilled and committed towards career advancement and obtain financial remuneration for their career advancement.From the recent past woman too are focusing on professional career. The couple both who are managers, professional or technicians has doubled up in the past two decades. The worry amongst Dual career couples was balancing career, personal relationship and family responsibilities. Dual career couple men experience psychological stress, since they would be judged by their capacity to support the family and gain work status. They feel their status is undermined by their wife working, who will lead to loss of control, they fear helping at home under estimates manhood.Family problems where one partner has to be flexible enough to choose what’s best for the family. In order to this the career development shou ld be recognized for dual couples at early stages. At all times it is wise to involve both partners in planning to enhance the success of efforts. The other problem is job transfers, these transfers in the other partner’s career due to the mobility and also a commuting relationship between each other. When relocating dual career couple the Human resource can assist in finding a suitable job for the candidates partner as well.Also Dual career couple marriages are quite complex than other marriages where there is opportunities for mutual growth and development and in the meantime opportunities for failure. Both individuals work towards these as they find it difficult to meet these expectations as both work to develop their interpersonal relationship with one another. WIFES CAREER Job demand Organizational demand Social demand Dealing with subordinates Dealing with clients (20 – 50 hours) HOME DUTIES Home maintenance Neighborhood relationship Children activity Social plan ning ShoppingSelf-maintenance Assisting the spouse (30 – 50 hours) HUSBANDS CAREER Job demand Career advancement Social demand Dealing with subordinates Dealing with clients (40 – 50 hours) LEISURE TIME Rest Hobbies Personal activities Religious / Social activities (48 – 78 hours) The above figure shows the amount of time spent by Dual career couples per week. The wife takes responsibility of home and work whereas the husband takes responsibility only with career. DUAL CAREER COUPLES IN LARGE COMPANIES The Human Resource should turn the â€Å"Two body problems† in to â€Å"Two body opportunities†.Many researchers found that than men its women in dual career couples subordinate their career development with their partner. Some companies use the arrangement as the cost share arrangement for hiring spouses, some companies do provide job opportunities in different departments where as some do offer a job in another company of the same group. The overal l review of this is to facilitate dual career couples with job search for partners when relocating and hiring. The reason for companies to have dual career couple policies are to be competitive, increase faculty of colour, attract â€Å"stars†, increase women and to compensate for location.Some companies do offer temporary jobs than part time jobs for senior trailing spouses. (Example 12) Oregon State University The university has a scheme as â€Å"family employment program† where a fixed regular sum is paid as remuneration to spouses of facilities. In order to retain the employees the company gives greater responsibilities to employees which adds more value towards their career. Chain companies promote the talented employees in the same organization or to another branch. Vacant positions arising within the company is first notified to the internal employees to give them priority. Example 13) The gas and oil industry was facing problems of retaining employees in their companies. The company’s goal was to develop the engineer’s talent by giving difficult types of assignments to increase the responsibility level of the employee during his career in the company. (Example 14) John Keells Hotels (A reputed Hotel chain in Sri Lanka, which not only owns hotels but supermarkets, shipping, cargo etc. ) The company has a policy of recruiting bottom line staff, which gradually develops themselves in becoming managers of that company.Also the company believes in promoting the staff inside to high positions rather than hiring staff from out of the company as motivation and recognition for the employees. (Example 15) Nokia, India A global concert management system which is â€Å"Invest in people† â€Å"Internal job market† is for the border, which enables movement of Nokia employees. Any vacancies arise in the company is first posted to the interior employees and thereafter to the exterior applicants. Large companies are rich in res ources and have a large turnover from the business.Due to this factor the company has the ability of paying the employees a stable salary which they would be contented with. Also the profits gained are being given as bonuses since the company has limited liabilities to cover. There companies have a fixed policy which is applicable to all of their branches where ever located in the world. There is a mind perception of employees who do consider working for large reputed companies to be of prestige. (Example 16) Harrods Hannah, Retail Managers says, â€Å"The career opportunities at Harrods are definitely unique to Harrods.For example at the moment I'm on the Harrods management programme, which is an eight month programme that gives you the necessary training to become a manager. So by the end of the eight months you'll become a retail manager in the store. † (Example 17) Sony As a Communications Manager, Rosemary says it best: â€Å"Outside of the brand, it's easy to be proud of Sony. You tell people you work for Sony, and you don't get a glazed look – its instantaneous respect. † It's a sense of respect that starts from within. â€Å"Everybody works very hard. There's a high level of expectation, but we all focus on that challenge to deliver the best quality work.The people are the heart and soul of this place. It's a real commitment, and it goes both ways — the company to its employees, and the people are just as committed to the company. † Companies offer benefits not only for the employee but also for the entire family, which helps them experience the same as their partners do. (Example 18) Serendib leisures (A chain hotel and resort company in Sri Lanka with a range of three and four star hotel properties) A medical scheme is in practice where the employees and their families benefit. The scheme gives life insurance to the family along with yearly free medical checkup. (Example 19)Aitken Spence Hotels ; resorts The company offers a weekend package for all executive employees in order to spend a weekend with their family at another Aitken Spence hotel where the entire cost is barred by the company. This is offered twice a year for each employee (Example 20) Harrods They offer staff a very high salary of ? 15,000+ and upwards, apart for this staff receive many other rewards such as; Harrod staff reward cards 50% discount on business dresses Season ticket loan Discount brochures at restaurants, fitness clubs, and holiday companies. Opportunities to join the company’s pension and health planHoliday payments Dual career couples ; parents working in companies are offered flexible working hours, which helps them balance family and work. Apart from the day off extra leave with pay, non pay leave for a long period policies are in existence. Advice and financial support is offered for the well being of the employees. A pension schemes are introduced for future benefits. (Example 21) Wal-Mart (The larges t retail stores in the word, first introduced in the USA, found in many other countries) A policy is introduced for employees who are not USA citizens, the company many post-employment beneficial plans. Example 22) Mark ; Spencer A policy is in existence for adoptive parents, comparable adoption leave and pay within a policy exclusively planned for adoptive parents by providing extra provision leading up to adoption. (Example 23) Mark ; Spencer For employees who face problems with regard to work or family, the business uses an independent 24hour confidential helpline staffed by advisors who provide assistance in giving advice on debts or financial problems, legal problems, abuse, relationship difficulties, state benefits and even general counseling. They can be contacted on 07659145671 Example 24) Mark ; Spencer There is a policy for dads / parents, where 1 week paid paternity leave is being given when the baby arrives. Also parents have the benefits of taking unpaid leave for 13 we eks for every child till the age of 5 years. (Example 25) Mark ; Spencer For married female employee’s time off is being given for midwife, fitness visitor and parent craft lessons. Maternity pay and leave. The company professional health tem is accessible to carryout fitness checks at any time prior and after the birth including risk assessments where suitable. Example 26) Mark ; Spencer Flexible working hours are part-time, job sharing or term- working. For staffs who wishes to study or take a complete break of work nine months unpaid leave is given under the companies â€Å"Career Break† policy (Example 27) Mark ; Spencer Company offers dependency leave of 4 weeks paid leave which may be followed by 3 to 9 months unpaid leave or furthermore a longer break where the employee can take a dependency break for up to 5 years.Companies that have succeeded in generating opportunities for dual career couples follow four strategies, they are as follows; * A dual career office with a person who would address the problems of dual career couples. * The top management who are willing to give solutions for creative and flexible in hiring. * Amongst the department the cross-discipline cooperation that exists due to administrative support. * Issuing financial incentives to departments apart from the department resources that are willing to hire partners. DUAL CAREER COUPLES IN SMALL COMPANIESSmall businesses are mostly independent owners. Most small companies are at the infantry stage, which face a lot of financial crisis. There are companies with barriers for dual career couple policies such as, lack of communication, coordination, administration, more attention only over departmental work and lack of resources. The employees are mostly recruits on contract basis where job security is limited and salaries are of a standard rate. The company is focused towards the profits than on employee growth due to high cost involence new technology is not introduced which demotivate employee. Example 28) Tendon Lanak Pvt. Ltd. (A small scale electrical manufacturing company in Sri Lankan) Old fashioned electronical technology with no development as the industry was growing, due to this situation the company employees were demotivated doing the same job over and over again which lead them to leave the company. As an end result of this the company had to close down on June 2009. (Example 29) Earl’s Regency – Sumiko Lanka Hotels Pvt. Ltd. (A 5 star resort property in the Central Province of Sri Lanka owned by Sumiko Lanka Hotels Pvt. Ltd. )The executive Chef of this hotel resigned, and at that point the hotel had to recruit a new candidate for that position since the second in line were not capable enough to cope up with the work and be promoted to a higher position. The route cause for this was lack of training been provided for the management level staff. In the meantime some of these companies have a policy where dual career couples ar e not allowed to work in the same organization, due to the fear that when the first partner leaves the second also tends to leave, very few exceptional cases in which one does remain.The reason for companies to not have a policy is due to less competitive, ad hoc accommodation can lead to resentment. (Example 30) Sumiko Lanka Hotels Pvt. Ltd, The company has a policy, as an employee’s spouse cannot work in the same company, which goes to the extent of not allowing any blood relations of employees also to work in the same company. Small companies don’t have the facility of providing employment to both couples since the establishment is small and not many branches available. WAYS OF SMALL COMPANIES RETAINING EMPLOYEES MOVING TOWARDS LARGE COMPANIESSmall companies need to find ways of being innovative and creative to retain employees. Loosing an experienced worker is a great productivity loss for t he company therefore constant support must be given towards work. Effectiv e management practices and leadership skills, positive corporate culture and pleasurable work environment encourage employees retain. The employers must have a clear understanding about the expectation of the employees. The company can focus on recruiting staff from the same location, in order to retain staff due to travelling conveniences. On the job training should be rovided introducing new technology. For job security they should be provided each employee a job description which gives a clear picture of what is expected from them. Rewards and recognition is the best way for staff motivation. Health care benefits, new-hire orientation programs, open communication strategy, defined involvement programs, onsite parking, compensation for training cost ; casual dress programs such programs not only help retain employees, increase loyalty and productivity. The employers should take time in celebration staff birthdays and anniversaries to make them feel special.Te best employees of the month can be nominated in order to recognize the hard working employees and to motivate the rest. (Example 31) Nesto Pvt. Ltd. (A chocolate and biscuit factory in Sri lanka) The company recruits employees from its location and an introduction program is carried out for the employees during the first week with regardsto the entire company profile and the operation taking place. CONCLUSION When analyzing the theoretical part and the practical situations faced by Dual career couples in companies, the large companies are much more efficient in handling these types of situations as they are enriched with many resources.Most large companies have great financial resources with many sub companies of its own. This helps employee’s benefit in ways of wages, additional allowances, bonuses, paid leave and transfers on request. Many employees expect this in return of their service to the company. But in term of small companies, they have a very limited amount of resource which is mostly utilized for the benefit and growth of the company. Their main concern is about gaining profits for the company rather than focusing on employee growth. To overcome this situation small companies must engage staff welfare activities.The company must make the employee feel they are special and wanted. REFERENCES BOOKS PRINT Beardwell J. ; Claydon T. (2007) Human Resource Management, Pearson Education Limited. Fifth Edition (page 358 – 398) Becker B. E. et. al (2001) The Human Resource Scorecard, Pearson Education Limited. Chrish et. al (2010) International Human Resource Management, charted Institute of Personnel ; Development (IPD House) Second Edition Dowling P. J et. al (1999) International Human Resource Management, Southwest College Publishing. Third Edition Foot M. ; Hook C. (2008) Introducing Human Resource Management, Pearson Education Limited.Fifth Edition Hall B. W. PhD (2008) The Human capital Strategy, Library of Congress Cataloging. Loopold J. et. al (2005) The St rategic Managing of Human Resource, Pearson Education Limited. Mathis R. L. ; Jackson J. H (2008) Human Resource Management, Thomson South West. Twelfth Edition Price A. (2007) Human resource Management, Cengage Learning EMEA. Third Edition Redman T. ; Wilkinson A. (2009) Contemporary Human Resource Management, Pearson Education Limited. Third Edition Torrington D, Hall L. ; Taylor S. (2008) human Resource Management, Pearson education Limited.Seventh Edition (page 465 – 476) BOOKS ELECTRONIC Bruce W. M ; Reed M. C. (1991) Dual Career Couples in the Public Sector, library of Congress Cataloging. (Page 2 to 4) Available from http://books. google. co. uk/books? id=unBG-ablVW0C;printsec=frontcover;dq=dual+career+couples+in+the+public+sector;hl=en;ei=zbQ_TvWVJpTC8QPOqNSPAw;sa=X;oi=book_result;ct=result;resnum=1;ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage;q;f=false (Accessed on 15th July 2011) David Russo (2010) 17 Rules, Successful Companies Use to Attract ; Keep top Talents, Pearson Education Lim ited.Available from http://books. google. com/books? id=kVsnbZ23uYcC;pg=PA147;dq=how+do+companies+retain+employees;hl=en;ei=yKlDTqzkDcyq8APz673sBQ;sa=X;oi=book_result;ct=result;resnum=1 p;ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage;q=how%20do%20companies%20retain%20employees;f=false (Accessed on 10th August 2011) Fielden S. L. et. al (2005) International Handbook of Women ; Small Business Entrepreneurship, Edward Elgar Publishing limited. (Page 3 to 13) Available from http://books. google. co. k/books? id=myRC5ngQffoC;printsec=frontcover;dq=International+Handbook+of+Women+%26+Small+Business+Entrepreneurship;hl=en;ei=lLY_TsbpJoah8QO004mTCA;sa=X;oi=book_result;ct=result;resnum=1;ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage;q=International%20Handbook%20of%20Women%20%26%20Small%20Business%20Entrepreneurship;f=false (Accessed on 15th July 2011) Ferber M. A. ; Loeb J. E. (1997) Academic Couples Problems ; Promises, Library of Congress Cataloging. Available from http://books. google. o. uk/books? id=7GXk7upc6DAC;pg=PA270;dq=d ual+career+couples+in+the+public+sector;hl=en;ei=zbQ_TvWVJpTC8QPOqNSPAw;sa=X;oi=book_result;ct=result;resnum=10;ved=0CF4Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage;q=dual%20career%20couples%20in%20the%20public%20sector;f=false (Accessed on 15th June 2011) WEB PAGES AND WEB SITES http://www. acadamices. com/science/focus_on_research_dual_career_couples_36593. html http://advance. ei. colombia. edu/sitefiles/file/dual_career_reading_30105. pdf http://www. beiersdorf. om/career/working_at_beiersdorf/working_at_beiersdorf http://corporate. marksandspencer. com/mscareers/rewards_benefits/lifestyle_options/supporting_working_parents http://www. essaypride. com/essays. php? free_essay=4788576;title=Retaining-Employees-In-Small-Business http://hr. blr. com/HR-news/Staffing-Training/Leadership/Growing-Leaders-Retaining-Employees-in-Small-and-M/ http://www. harrodscareers. co. uk/page/career_development http://www. masholdings. com http://www. nokia. co. in/careers http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Retaining-Employees- Small-Business/62126